{"metadata":{"kernelspec":{"language":"python","display_name":"Python 3","name":"python3"},"language_info":{"pygments_lexer":"ipython3","nbconvert_exporter":"python","version":"3.6.4","file_extension":".py","codemirror_mode":{"name":"ipython","version":3},"name":"python","mimetype":"text/x-python"}},"nbformat_minor":4,"nbformat":4,"cells":[{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"**Generative AI - Angel or Demon?**\n\n*‘… with Artificial Intelligence we’re summoning the demon.’*  \n— Elon Musk warned at MIT’s AeroAstro Centennial Symposium\n\nRecently, renowned Artificial Intelligence (AI) icons have warned us about the supposed threat of AI. [1] I think many of us arrived at the 'gloom & doom' vision of AI due to exposure to blockbuster movies like 'The Terminator' and 'The Matrix', popular TV series like ‘Star Trek: Discovery’ and 'Star Trek: Picard', and hit video games like 'Mass Effect: Legendary Edition' and ‘System Shock’. All of these influential franchises depict the speciously inevitable conflict arising between Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and Humankind as an existential fight for supremacy - where the loser would be rendered extinct/ enslaved.\n\nIn my opinion, there seems no basis in fact that this future would come to pass, in light of the nature of AI. However, AGI is an unaccounted-for entity. But, let us not get ahead of ourselves and, instead, start at the beginning.\n\nAI is a term coined by emeritus Stanford Professor John McCarthy in 1955, and was defined by him as ‘the science and engineering of making intelligent machines’. Generative AI, in particular, refers to computational techniques that can – based on input data or prompts – create new content such as text, programming code, audio, images, or even video. AI used to be confined to academia or eggheads of top information technology companies; however, with the advent of Generative AI, it is proliferating among the masses with unprecedented speed. In fact, ChatGPT [2] – a large-scale natural language chatbot built by OpenAI – reached a record 100 million userbase within just a couple of months! [3]\n\nPeople are ebullient in their praise for Generative AI, as exemplified by ChatGPT.\n\n*‘I think ChatGPT is awesome. I think it’s going to be a great co-pilot for creatives. Hopefully, it raises the bar on everyone’s creativity… You have something else that’s that responsive. You can push it and it will push you.’*  \n— will.i.am, Davos 2023\n\nOthers are no less vociferous in their criticism.\n\n*‘ChatGPT to me seems to weld an English professor’s writing skills to an encyclopaedia’s knowledge base and a kindergartener’s reasoning ability, producing impressive and highly polished nonsense.’*  \n— Tim Sweeney, Founder and CEO of Epic games\n\nChatGPT has been termed as a ‘blurry JPEG of the Web’. [4] As such, it contains various kinds of bias as present on the Internet. [5][6][7]\n\nOpinions are pretty divisive about the impact of ChatGPT on academia. [8][9][10][11] [12] In fact, it has managed to do well in quite a few exams. [13][14][15][16] It is already elevating the art and science of scientific writing. [17][18] However, plagiarism and academic integrity are concerns. [19][20][21] Teachers are resorting to oral and pen and paper exams. [22] If you can’t beat ’em, join ’em – seems to be the motto of some academics for embracing Generative AI. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] There is evidence of enhanced productivity when Generative AI is used as a co-creator. [33][34] Herein, the question arises: ‘Can Generative AI invent?’ [35][36] This debate is not settled yet, and different nations have reached different conclusions on this matter. Exempli gratia, the U.S., the U.K., and the E.U. have rejected patent applications that listed AI as an inventor, while Australia and South Africa have granted patents to AI-generated inventions.\n\nLawyers are now newly acquainted with another kind of ‘LLM’ – a Large Language Model. [37][38] However, adoption of Generative AI is a legal quagmire in light of copyright law. [39][40][41] The battle over the role of data in training AI could, according to the Financial Times, become as important to the tech industry as the patent wars at the dawn of the smartphone era. [42] In fact, Generative AI may cause the largest disruption in white-collar work to date. [43][44][45][46]\n\nAnother realm that has been shaken to its core is that of art, due to Generative AI like Midjourney, DALL-E and Stable Diffusion. [47][48][49][50] Then, the question arises as to who the artist is. [51][52][53][54][55] Text-to-image Generative AI is being used in design and crafting. [56][57] Generative AI is making its mark in the creation of music, too. [58] The pharmaceutical industry is using this amazing tech for novel drug and compound discovery. [59][60][61][62]\n\n|  Generative AI Types\t|\t\t      Examples\t\t\t         |\n|-----------------------|----------------------------------------|\n|Text\t\t\t \t\t|ChatGPT, Bard, BLOOM\t\t\t         |\n|Text-to-image\t\t\t|DALL-E 2, Midjourney, Stable Diffusion\t |\n|Text-to-video          |Make-A-Video, Runway Gen-2, VideoCrafter|\n|Music\t\t\t\t\t|MusicLM, MuseNet, Amper\t\t         |\n|Code\t\t\t\t\t|Codex, Cohere\t\t\t\t             |\n|Compounds\t\t\t\t|AlphaFold, ReLeaSE\t\t\t             |\n\nGenerative AI has many potential applications and benefits for various domains and industries, such as:\n- It can help humans generate new ideas, designs, content, or solutions that they might not have thought of otherwise. It may automate or simplify tedious or repetitive tasks, such as writing emails, drafting code, or creating graphics. Generative AI like Codex can create code by translating natural language commands, optimizing existing code, or debugging errors.\n- In addition, it can help improve the quality and efficiency of products, services, or processes by optimizing parameters, reducing errors, or providing feedback. It can personalize or customize outputs to suit different preferences, needs, or contexts.\n- Also, it can expand access and inclusion to information, education, entertainment, or opportunities by generating content in different languages, formats, or styles. It could help bridge gaps or overcome barriers between different groups or cultures.\n\nHowever, Generative AI also poses some challenges and risks that need to be addressed and mitigated, such as:\n- It can generate content that infringes on copyrighted, trademarked, patented, or otherwise legally protected materials. [63][64][65][66] This can create legal liabilities or disputes for the creators, users, or providers of Generative AI tools. [67][68]\n- It may also ‘hallucinate’ [69] content that is harmful or misleading, and generate deepfakes, disinformation, propaganda, or offensive material. [70] This can undermine trust, security, and privacy. [71][72][73]\n- In addition, it can reduce human agency or accountability by making decisions or actions that are not transparent, explainable, or controllable by humans. This can create ethical dilemmas or social challenges for the users, providers, or regulators of such tools.\n\nAmong solutions to address these problematic issues is to watermark works created by Generative AI. [74]\n\nGenerative AI is a rapidly evolving and exciting field of computer science that promises to transform the way we create and consume data and content. Among its niche uses are: empowering the metaverse, ideation and brainstorming, rotoscoping, and even ‘resurrecting’ the dead! [75][76][77][78][79][80] According to Goldman Sachs, Generative AI could increase the global Gross Domestic Product by an unprecedented 7%! [81] We are in medias res of a revolution where the pinnacle is yet to be reached. Whether we summon AI in the guise of a guiding angel or an apocalyptic demon is – ultimately – up to us…","metadata":{"_uuid":"8f2839f25d086af736a60e9eeb907d3b93b6e0e5","_cell_guid":"b1076dfc-b9ad-4769-8c92-a6c4dae69d19"}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"**Bibliography**\n\n[1] “Pause giant AI experiments: An open letter,” Future of Life Institute, Boston, MA, USA, Mar. 2023.  \n[2] OpenAI, “Chatgpt: Optimizing language models for dialogue,” available at: https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/  \n[3] Reuters (2023). 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