Exploring the Ethical Dimensions of Artificial Intelligence
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\n \n \n Image downloaded from Microsoft Bing\n \n
","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"\n# 1. Overview\n\nAdvanced computational technology known as Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds a prominent position in the current landscape of technological progress, positioning itself to bring about significant transformative changes to our society. The rapid advancement and boundless possibilities of AI have sparked contemplation regarding a potential future where AI assumes the roles of human workers or poses existential challenges to the foundation of our civilization. Consequently, the significance of ethical considerations surrounding artificial intelligence becomes abundantly clear, demanding our unwavering attention. According to W3Schools (2023), at its core, AI harnesses the power of computers and machines to replicate human problem-solving and decision-making abilities. This convergence of technology and ethics gives rise to the captivating field of **AI ethics**—an area of study that scrutinizes the moral implications of AI systems. As research, development, and implementation of AI systems forge ahead with unwavering momentum, fervent discussions on the ethical implications of AI have taken center stage. Recognizing the profound impact of AI, numerous industry giants have embraced the imperative of integrating AI ethics into their practices. The intersection of AI and ethics has become an arena where the collective consciousness of society grapples with complex questions and dilemmas. This essay delves into the multifaceted world of AI ethics, exploring its profound impact, the imperative need for its existence, and our current understanding of its dimensions. Moreover, it tackles head-on the ethical challenges posed by AI and unearths the gaps that demand our attention and exploration. With the future of AI ethics on the horizon, the possibilities and implications are both tantalizing and daunting.","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"\n# 2. Introduction\n\nThis essay, submitted for the 2023 Kaggle AI Report, explores the realm of AI ethics, venturing into relatively unexplored territory. In the past couple of years, remarkable progress has been witnessed in the field of AI, with significant advancements permeating diverse industries. This essay embarks on an investigation into the convergence of AI and ethics, aiming to unravel the current understanding of AI ethics, address areas of limited knowledge, and evaluate the effectiveness of ethical frameworks, both in the present and moving forward. Hagendorff (2022) elaborates that the primary objective of AI ethics is to minimize unethical consequences within the field of AI. To address the ethical challenges posed by AI, a set of rules must be established, prompting companies to embrace ethical standards while leveraging this transformative technology. However, the effectiveness of implementing AI ethics guidelines within organizations remains a subject of scrutiny. In his paper AI Ethics and its Pitfalls, Hagendorff concludes that the effectiveness of AI ethics initiatives has been less than satisfactory. That being said, AI ethics seems to be just as ubiquitous as AI technology. Through a concise analysis of reputable sources, including the [arXiv Dataset](https://www.connectedpapers.com/main/883eea577a485ddf39697cce549e05234ef85827/AI-virtues-%20-The-missing-link-in-putting-AI-ethics-into-practice/graph), this essay aims to provide valuable insights into the evolving landscape of AI ethics. Examining the recent advancements in AI, the guidelines shaping ethical considerations, and the practical implementation of these guidelines sheds light on the complexities and challenges involved. By navigating this uncharted terrain, the essay aims to foster a deeper understanding of AI ethics and envision a future where AI technology coexists harmoniously with ethical principles.","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"\n# 3. A Brief Evolution of AI\n\nThe concept of artificial intelligence (AI) boasts a remarkable historical journey that can be traced back to the 1950s. While early progress was impeded by computational limitations, the relentless march of time has witnessed tremendous advancements. Now, it becomes crucial to investigate the notable categories of AI technologies that have emerged as a result of this continuous progress. These encompass a range of branches, such as machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics (365 DataSCience, 2023). Each of these branches assumes a fundamental role in shaping the existing AI landscape, showcasing the diverse applications of AI. By comprehending the evolution of these AI technologies, we gain valuable insights into the continuous growth and potential future trajectories of this rapidly expanding field. The course Intro to ChatGPT and Generative AI by [365 DataScience](https://365datascience.com/) does a very good job of showing the evolution of AI. Here is a comprehensive summary:\n\n* **Symbolic AI:** Represents problems via symbols and then solves them by interpreting the symbols. The AI uses symbols to infer information based on other symbols in its training data.\n\n* **Machine learning:** Machine Learning (ML) Relies on complex algorithms and statistical models to find patterns in data and learn from them allowing the machine to become better over time.\n\n* **Deep Learning:** When large-scale annotation and high-powered computers became available, AI systems were trained with deep neural networks. This technology is a branch of ML that emulates the human brain.\n\n* **NLP:** Natural Language Processing (NLP) is an AI discipline focusing on the interactions between humans and computers to help machines to comprehend human language.\n\n* **Computer Vision:** Allows machines to see and understand the content of images and videos. This technology enables automakers to build self-driving cars.\n\n* **Robotics:** Combines engineering and Computer Science and focuses on the construction and operation of robots.\n\n\n\n\nFigure 1: The Evolution of AI by 365 DataScience\n","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"\n# 4. Understanding the Impact of AI?\n\nOne might raise the question of why ordinary individuals should be concerned about AI and why we shouldn't just allow technology to progress while we carry on with our daily routines. However, the truth is that AI is already causing substantial disruptions in our lives. These powerful AI technologies can surpass human performance effortlessly, raising concerns about the future role of humans in a world where AI continues to advance and improve. As Nick Bostrom (2014) highlights, our situation could parallel that of gorillas, whose fate is now entirely dependent on humans. The notion that machines may eventually dominate and control us, rather than the other way around, has been echoed by influential figures in the tech industry such as Ray Kurzweil and Elon Musk(Coeckelbergh, 2020). To illustrate this point, here are four examples of technologies that demonstrate AI's potential to outperform, automate, and process data more effectively and at a significantly faster pace than humans.\n\n* **Deep Blue:** In 1997, IBM's Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov who was initially confident that a machine could not beat him. It became the first AI system to defeat a reigning chess champion.\n\n* **IBM Watson:** In 2011, IBM's Watson won the game show Jeopardy! against two of the show's champions. The AI showcased the great ability to analyze a huge amount of data, process and understand natural language, and respond accurately.\n\n* **MidJourney Art Generator:** Midjourney is a generative AI developed by David Holz in July 2022. It uses prompts to generate images from natural language descriptions (Wikipedia contributors, 2023). Anyone can now create appealing images and illustrations in just a few clicks.\n\n* **ChatGPT:** ChatGPT is an AI language model developed by [OpenAI](https://openai.com/), it is designed to understand and generate human-like text based on the input it receives. One could find answers about almost anything they need without consultation from a professional.\n\nThese technologies certainly could and in some cases are making life easier and better for humans but at what cost? Is the world ready for AI? Can humans cope with AI? In his book AI Ethics, Coeckelbergh (2022) discusses that many philosophers believe there are significant differences between how humans and computers think.\n\n
"We are meaning-making, conscious, embodied, and living beings whose nature, mind, and knowledge cannot be explained away by comparisons with machines."
\n\nThe general concern about how AI will affect humans is not going away any time soon. There is acceptance but also backlash. \n","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#### 4.1 The positive impact of AI\n\nThroughout the years, the undeniable superiority of AI compared to humans in terms of learning, information retrieval, and utilization has become increasingly apparent. The transformative power of AI has yielded a myriad of positive outcomes, including automation, heightened efficiency, and enhanced decision-making capabilities. Supporting this perspective, Petr Polak (2021) expounds on the anticipated favorable impact of AI on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Polak further emphasizes that this positive influence stems from a range of factors, such as the increased efficiency achieved by automating repetitive tasks, the empowerment of employees through skill enhancement, and the elevation of their value within the workplace. These remarkable advancements propelled by AI are poised to fuel economic growth and productivity across numerous sectors, paving the way for a brighter future.\n\n* **Medicine:** The positive impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medicine has gained substantial recognition and is supported by remarkable advancements in recent years. In their comprehensive study, Kaul, Enslin, and Gross (2020) provide a compelling historical overview of the evolution of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM), highlighting its potential to revolutionize healthcare practices. The development of predictive models can contribute significantly to medical applications such as disease diagnosis, and precise therapeutic predictions.\n\n* **Academia:** AI's contributions to academia are transformational in the areas of research, teaching, intelligent analyzing of data and personal learning. Prominent Universities are already starting to incorporate AI into their learning. Here is Havard University's professor [_David J. Malan_](https://www.linkedin.com/in/malan/) on LinkedIn:\n\n\n
"Working with AI is an inevitable part of the future, and this is a tool that could also make the faculty's jobs easier by automating code style improvement suggestions, evaluating code design, troubleshooting issues, and answering the students' frequently asked questions to free up TAs' and professors' time, so they can focus on more interactive and engaging activities with students."
\n\n* AI-learning systems can tailor educational content to individual students according to their needs. AI-powered virtual assistants can enhance the learning experience of students by providing immediate support and offering personalized guidance.\n\n* **Transport and Logistics:** AI enables transportation and logistics (T&L) companies to efficiently analyze historical patterns for inventory forecasting and management, as well as effectively tackle fluctuating demands within their supply chain operations. By leveraging historical data, AI algorithms can automate key operations, reducing the occurrence of human errors in the supply chain. Moreover, AI-driven predictive models have the potential to forecast revenue and operating margins, providing T&L companies with a forward-looking perspective rather than relying solely on retrospective analysis (Gordon,2021).","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"\n# 5. Why do we need AI ethics?\n\nWith the rapid and continuous release of new AI technologies, it is evident that the integration of AI will have a profound impact on various aspects of life and industries. As we navigate this transformative landscape, it is crucial to recognize and address the ethical considerations arising from AI implementation. **Privacy and security** concerns, ensuring **fairness** and mitigating **bias**, fostering **accountability**, promoting **transparency**, and upholding **human dignity** are key factors that demand our attention. These ethical dimensions become increasingly complex due to AI's diverse effects across different sectors and communities. As a result, there is a heightened surge of interest and urgency toward AI Ethics, driven by the imperative need to navigate the intricate ethical landscape accompanying AI advancements.\n\n \nFigure 2: Interest toward AI Ethics over time\n","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#### 5.1 Fairness and Bias\n\nAI relies on Big Data which includes personal data for its learning and functioning processes. However, this reliance inherently excludes individuals whose data is not available on the web or non-internet users. According to statistics published on the [(Internet World Stats, 2022)](https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm) website, approximately 67.9% of the global population uses the Internet, primarily concentrated in well-developed regions like Europe, Asia, and North America. This demographic disparity poses a significant challenge in terms of ensuring fairness and preventing bias in the training of AI systems since certain populations may be underrepresented in the datasets used to train the AI.\n#### 5.2 Privacy and Security\n\nThe (World Economic Forum, 2021) emphasizes in a report titled [Human-Centred Artificial Intelligence for Human Resources: A Toolkit for Human Resources Professionals](https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Human_Centred_Artificial_Intelligence_for_Human_Resources_2021.pdf), that maintaining a delicate equilibrium is crucial when considering AI's extensive dependence on data. It becomes essential to weigh the potential advantages of a tool against the consequences of gathering and utilizing data, particularly when dealing with data that is classified as private, sensitive, or ethically contentious. Without proper sensitization on privacy and security, users are vulnerable to unethical use of their data by AI companies. As Schneier (2015) rightly puts it, \n\n
"Surveillance is the business model of the Internet"
\n\nWe have seen an increasingly common trend of companies like Google being sued for violating user privacy. In a video titled [Why is everyone Suing AI Companies?](https://gizmodo.com/why-is-everyone-suing-ai-companies-1850641624) on Gizmodo, it is clear just how complicated the matter of AI ethics could be if left unchecked. Most users may not be aware of how their data is being used and which part of their data is being used.","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"#### 5.3 Accountability\n\nVolkswagen, the renowned German car manufacturer, faced criticism during its 70th Birthday celebration in Brazil. A news article published by The Guardian titled \"[AI resurrection of Brazilian singer for car ad sparks joy and ethical worries](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/14/brazil-singer-elis-regina-artificial-intelligence-volkswagen)\" highlighted the controversy. Volkswagen defended its use of AI facial recognition software, noting that the family of the deceased singer had given their approval. Nevertheless, investigations into a potential breach of ethical standards will be conducted. Concerns were raised regarding the potential confusion among children, as the use of this technology blurs the line between fiction and reality.\n\n#### 5.4 Transparency\n\nMuller (2021) states that with sufficient prior data, algorithms can be used to target individuals or small groups with just the kind of input that is likely to influence these particular individuals. He elaborates that AI increases the possibilities of intelligent data collection and possibilities of data analysis. Imagine that kind of power in the hands of big companies. It has never been clear how companies like Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Apple, and Facebook collect data from users, which type of data they collect, and how they use it (Muller, 2021). For these companies, the main data-collection part of their business appears to be based on deception, exploiting human weaknesses, furthering procrastination, generating addiction, and manipulation (Harris, 2016). We could then say, we have lost control of our data and fully rely on the transparency and honesty of these companies.\n\n#### 5.5 Human dignity\n\nIn 2018, “TheReuters” published an article about an experimental AI recruiting tool used by Amazon Incmazon. A case study by Kodiyan (2019) titled \"[An overview of ethical issues in using AIsystems in hiring with a case study of Amazon’s AI-based hiring tool](https://www.academia.edu/42965903/An_overview_of_ethical_issues_in_using_AI_systems_in_hiring_with_a_case_study_of_Amazons_AI_based_hiring_tool)\" reveals how Amazon had to do away with its HR AI recruiter because it developed a bias against women after training on data that was largely tailored for men. In as much, as such a tool makes the hiring process easier, the question of upholding human dignity comes to mind. How demoralizing it must have been for the women who could not get the job due to the bias of the AI system. Another example of AI threatening human dignity is shown in a news article where an [Indian AI news anchor sparks controversy and concern for the journalism profession](https://ummid.com/news/2023/july/10.07.2023/ai-news-achors-challenges-and-concerns.html). One of the concerns raised was the need to safeguard the profession as it threatens to displace many journalists (Khan, 2023). Khan then concludes that AI is regarded as a tool to augment humans rather than replace them.","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"\n# 6. The latest developments in AI Ethics\n\nAs established thus far, the primary objective of AI technology is to create computer systems capable of emulating human intelligence and executing tasks traditionally performed by humans, but with precision, speed, and efficiency (Copeland, 2023). However, concerns arise regarding the trustworthiness of AI systems when it comes to making conscious decisions. A notable example is that of self-driving vehicles, where ethical dilemmas arise, such as deciding between protecting passengers at the expense of pedestrians or prioritizing pedestrian safety at the risk of passenger harm. As researchers delve into the ethical implications of AI, it becomes crucial to address the potential for unethical consequences associated with this technology. In the words of Coeckelbergh (2020), \n\n
"The widely shared intuition that there is an urgency and importance in dealing with the ethical and societal challenges raised by AI has led to an avalanche of initiatives and policy documents."
\n\nIndeed, it is crucial to develop strategies that foster inclusivity, ensuring that the benefits and risks associated with AI technologies are equitably distributed among diverse populations. Additionally, decisions made by AI systems must consider the ethical dimensions of specific problems at hand. However, the ambiguous definition of AI poses challenges in formulating comprehensive guidelines that can be effectively implemented at all levels (Hagendorff, 2022). In light of these considerations, it is imperative to proactively address the ethical and societal implications of AI, ensuring that ethical frameworks and guidelines are developed to guide the development and deployment of AI technologies (Haggendorff, 2022). By promoting inclusivity and consciousness in decision-making processes, we can navigate the complexities of AI ethics and work towards a future where AI technologies contribute positively to society while upholding ethical standards.\n\n#### 6.1 Taking the lead toward AI Ethics at different levels\n\n##### _Organizations_\nTo foster ethical behavior in the field of AI, various national and international entities, such as organizations, companies, governments, and professional associations, have developed guidelines. As stated in the article \"[AI Ethics Guidelines Global Inventory](https://inventory.algorithmwatch.org/about)\" on the **AlgorithmWatch** website, a comprehensive global inventory of ethical frameworks, comprising 173 contributions, is currently underway. The majority of these contributions originate from government and civil society organizations based in northwestern Europe and North America. This extensive inventory highlights the growing recognition and importance placed on AI ethics, as stakeholders from diverse sectors come together to address the ethical challenges posed by AI technology.\n\nIn January 2023, the **IEEE**, the largest technical professional organization worldwide, introduced a program offering free access to global socio-technical standards in AI Ethics and Governance. This initiative aims to support AI developers in integrating human-centric design principles into their product roadmaps and organizational structures. Supported by the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA), industry sponsors, and government entities, this program plays a vital role in promoting ethical considerations and responsible practices in the development and deployment of AI technologies.\n\nIn a significant development, **UNESCO** introduced the [Women 4 Ethical AI Platform](https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-launches-women-4-ethical-ai-platform) on March 6, 2023. This groundbreaking platform serves as a collaborative space for global leaders in frontier technologies who advocate for gender equality. Their collective efforts are focused on implementing _UNESCO's Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence_, particularly from a gender perspective. The launch of this platform underscores the commitment of organizations and individuals to advancing AI ethics and ensuring gender equality within the field of AI. It represents a pivotal step towards fostering inclusive and ethical practices in AI technology.\n\n##### _Governments_\nPolicymakers face significant challenges in developing consistent global policies on AI usage. Gromova and Eferin (2021) shed light on the diverse approaches taken by governments in Germany, Canada, and South Korea to address data ethics in their article titled \"Ethics in the digital world: Where we are now and What's Next.\" These countries adopt different strategies influenced by their unique geography, history, politics, and culture, reflecting the complexities of harmonizing AI ethics on a global scale.\n\nIn regions facing obstacles to AI development due to factors like poverty and socio-economic challenges, efforts are being made to leverage AI for economic growth. African nations, including Egypt, Rwanda, and Mauritius, have published AI strategies to deepen AI usage and transform their economies. While regulating AI presents challenges in Africa, it actively contributes to the development of ethical guidelines and regulations. Olorntade and Omoniyi (2023) argue that Africa is an essential participant in the conversation surrounding AI technology, making significant contributions to the advancement of ethical standards.\n\n\n##### _Civil Society_\nThe participation of civil society in regulating AI technology and shaping AI ethical guidelines is of utmost importance. Civil society plays a unique role in highlighting critical issues that may not be on the radar of government and economic actors (Jones, 2022). This perspective is echoed by the World Economic Forum (WEF), which recognizes that involving civil society is crucial for promoting ethical and equitable approaches to AI for the greater benefit of society. As the third sector, civil society brings a balanced perspective to discussions around AI, representing the often-overlooked individual interests in the development of ethical guidelines. Conor Sanchez (2018) aptly captures this significance,\n\n
"Civil society can help steer AI in a positive direction just as citizen-shaped activism helped address the negative impacts of the industrial revolution."
","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"\n# 7. Gaps in AI ethics\n\nHagendorff (2019) conducted a thorough study titled \"_The Ethics of AI Ethics_,\" which sheds light on the gaps in AI ethics research. Through a comprehensive analysis of various papers in the field, Hagendorff identified 21 major ethical guidelines. _Figure 3_ visually represents these guidelines, with the leftmost column displaying the 21 guidelines and the topmost row indicating the papers that were analyzed. This research highlights the need for further exploration and understanding of AI ethics to bridge the existing gaps and ensure a comprehensive ethical framework for the development and deployment of AI technologies.\n\n\n\nFigure 3: Hagedorff's overview of AI Ethics guidelines and the different issues they cover (re-created using Excel)\n \n\nThe Figure illustrates that several significant guidelines in the field of AI ethics are not adequately addressed. Issues such as the lack of representation of women authors, the importance of _human autonomy_, _diversity in the AI field_, _cultural differences in the ethical design of AI systems_, and _the impact on future employment are all critical aspects in the development of these systems_. Hagendorff (2019) also highlights the omission of addressing the risks posed by malevolent artificial general intelligence (AGI) or existential threats, suggesting that this could be due to a lack of involvement from philosophy groups or other speculative disciplines in AI research. These gaps emphasize the need for a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to AI ethics to address these crucial dimensions.\n\nThe impact of ethical guidelines on individual decision-making in the field of AI is a topic of scrutiny. Recent research has cast doubt on the notion that these guidelines effectively shape the ethical behavior of software engineers, with minimal impact observed on their decision-making process. This raises questions about the true effectiveness of AI ethics guidelines and whether they are merely employed as a marketing strategy by companies. Hagendorff (2019) further highlights the challenge of aligning AI ethics with business models, noting that economic advantages and efficiency often take precedence over ethical values and principles. These findings underscore the complexities and obstacles in achieving meaningful ethical implementation in the AI industry.\n\nThe influence of cultural, historical, and political contexts on AI ethics varies across countries and regions. While Gromova and Eferin (2021) emphasize the importance of a common approach to developing ethical guidelines, the role of cultural differences in shaping AI ethics remains a topic of debate. Contrary to this notion, Coeckelbergh (2020) argues that despite cultural disparities, AI ethics policies exhibit remarkable similarities. This highlights the ongoing discourse surrounding the impact of cultural factors on the formulation and implementation of ethical standards in the field of AI. ","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"\n# Conclusion\n\nIn conclusion, the discussions and potentials of AI ethics are almost endless at the moment given that AI technology itself is still at its early stage. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into various aspects of life and industries is just as significant as doing the same for AI ethics. Privacy and security concerns, fairness and bias, accountability, transparency, and human dignity are crucial factors that must be addressed. Efforts by organizations, governments, and civil society to establish ethical guidelines and codes of conduct reflect the recognition of the importance of AI ethics. However, gaps and challenges exist in implementing and adhering to these guidelines. The involvement of civil society and the need for inclusive decision-making processes are vital. Ongoing research and collaboration are necessary to navigate the evolving ethical landscape of AI and ensure that ethical principles guide the development and deployment of AI technologies, leading to a future where AI coexists harmoniously with humanity's values. Women, the civil society, and philosophy are fundamental aspects of developing inclusive and acceptable AI ethical guidelines.","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"\n# References\n\n* Bostrom, N. (2014). _Superintelligence_. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n\n* Christoforaki, M., & Beyan, O. (2022). _AI Ethics—A Bird’s Eye View_. Appl. Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094130\n\n* Coeckelbergh, M. (2020). _AI Ethics_. The MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series.\n\n* Copeland, B. (2023, July 14). artificial intelligence. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence\n\n* DataScience 365. (2023). \"Intro to ChatGPT and Generative AI\". Retrieved from: https://learn.365datascience.com/courses/intro-to-chatgpt-and-generative-ai/the-main-types-of-ai/\n\n* Gordon, C. (2021). _The Rise of AI in the Transportation and Logistics Industry_. Forbes. Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/cindygordon/2021/09/05/the-rise-of-ai-in-the-transportation-and-logistics-industry/?sh=27eb56647869\n\n* Gromova, K., & Eferin, Y. (2021). _Ethics in the Digital World: Where we are now and what's next_. Data Blog. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/ethics-digital-world-where-we-are-now-and-whats-next\n\n* Hagendorff, T. (2022). _AI Ethics and Its Pitfalls: Not Living Up To Its Own Standard_. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00173-5\n\n* Hagendorff, T. (2020). _AI Virtues - The Missing Link In Putting AI Ethics into Practice_. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.12750\n\n* Hagendorff, T. (2019). _The Ethics of AI Ethics: An Evaluation of Guidelines_. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.03425\n\n* Harris, T., (2016). _How Technology Is Hijacking Your Mind—from a Magician and Google Design Ethicist_. Thrive Global. [https://medium.com/thrive-global/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds-from-a-magician-and-google-s-design-ethicist-56d62ef5edf3](https://medium.com/thrive-global/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds-from-a-magician-and-google-s-design-ethicist-56d62ef5edf3)\n\n* Jones, M. (2022). _Civil Society and AI: Striving for ethical governance_. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6320730\n\n* Kaliouby, R. E. (2020, October 25). _Artificial intelligence has a high IQ but no emotional intelligence – and that comes with a cost_. Science Focus. Retrieved from https://www.sciencefocus.com/comment/artificial-intelligence-has-a-high-iq-but-no-emotional-intelligence-and-that-comes-with-a-cost/\n\n* Kaul, V., Enslin, S., Gross, S. A. (2020). _History of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine_. The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2020.06.040\n\n* Khan, M., Z. (2023). AI News Achors - Challenges and Concerns. Retrieved from: https://ummid.com/news/2023/july/10.07.2023/ai-news-achors-challenges-and-concerns.html\n\n* Internet World Stats. (2022). Miniwatts Marketing Group. _Internet Usage Statistics: The Internet Big Picture. www.internetworldstats.com\n\n* Müller, V., C. (2021). _Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics_. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/ethics-ai/\n\n* Oloruntade, G., & Omoniyi, F. (2023). _Where is Africa in the global conversation on regulating AI?_. TechCabal. [https://techcabal.com/2023/05/26/where-is-africa-in-the-global-conversation-on-regulating-ai](https://techcabal.com/2023/05/26/where-is-africa-in-the-global-conversation-on-regulating-ai/#:~:text=In%20truth%2C%20Africa%20is%20very%20much%20a%20part,economic%20challenges%20on%20the%20continent%2C%20according%20to%20experts.) \n\n* Polak, P. (2021). _Welcome to the Digital Era—the Impact of AI on Business and Society_. Soc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-021-00588-6\n\n* Sanchez, C. (2018). _Civil society can help ensure AI benefits us all. Here’s how_. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/civil-society-help-ai-benefits/\n\n* Schneier, B., (2015). _Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World_. New York: W. W. Norton\n\n* Wikipedia contributors. (2023, June 28). _Midjourney_. In Wikipedia. Retrieved June 29, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midjourney\n\n* W3Schools. (2023). _What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?_. In W3Schools. Retrieved from https://www.w3schools.com/ai/ai_whatis.asp","metadata":{}},{"cell_type":"markdown","source":"\n# Tools\n\n* Grammarly: _Used to check for proper grammar and Plagiarism_\n* GPT-3.5: _Used to properly structure and organize my essay_\n* Microsoft Excel: _Used to re-creat _Figure 3_ for quality purposes_","metadata":{}}]}