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  "fetched_at": "2026-10-19T17:29:13Z",
  "source_url": "https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/elte-phys-photoz/data",
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      "name": "rules",
      "content": "\r\n\t<!-- Begin Base Rules -->\r\n    <h3>One account per participant</h3>\r\n    <p>You cannot sign up to Kaggle from multiple accounts and therefore you cannot submit from multiple accounts.</p>\r\n    <h3>No private sharing outside teams</h3>\r\n    <p>\r\n        Privately sharing code or data outside of teams is not permitted.\r\n        It's okay to share code if made available to all participants on the forums.\r\n    </p>\r\n    <h3>Team Mergers</h3>\r\n    <p>Team mergers are not allowed in this competition.</p>\r\n\r\n    <h3>Team Limits</h3>\r\n    <p>There is no maximum team size.</p>\r\n    <h3>Submission Limits</h3>\r\n    <p>You may submit a maximum of 2 entries per day.</p>\r\n    <p>You may select up to 2 final submissions for judging.</p>\r\n    <h3>Competition Timeline</h3>\r\n    <p>Start Date: <strong>TBA</strong></p>\r\n    <p>Merger Deadline: <strong>None</strong></p>\r\n    <p>Entry Deadline: <strong>None</strong></p>\r\n    <p>End Date: <strong>2/1/2014 12:00 AM UTC</strong></p>\r\n\t<!-- End Base Rules -->\r\n<p>The rules page is a bit special: it will auto-update the text based on the parameters of the competition. The rules you need to add here are any additional rules relating to dataset usage. You may also put grading information here.</p>",
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      "name": "data-description",
      "content": "<p> The data consists of the magnitudes of galaxies measured with various filters, and their redshift, which was measured using spectroscopy. You will need to predict the redshift of galaxies based on only the photometric data. </p>\n\n<p> The dataset was generated with SDDS and downloaded form SciServer. The file's are gzipped, you will able to read them using the 'read_csv' function in pandas. </p>\n\n<h2>File descriptions</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>train.csv.gz</strong> - the training set</li>\n<li><strong>test.csv.gz</strong> - the test set</li>\n<li><strong>sampleSubmission.csv</strong> - a sample submission file in the correct format</li>\n</ul>\n<h2>Data fields</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>id</strong> - an anonymous id unique to a given galaxy </li>\n<li><strong>u,g,r,i,z</strong> - magnitudes of galaxies measured with different color filters.</li>\n<li><strong>redshift</strong> - the redshift of the galaxies measured with spectroscopy </li>\n</ul>",
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      "name": "Description",
      "content": "\n\n<p> To create a 3D map of the Universe we need to measure 3 coordinates of galaxies. The celestial coordinates on the sky are easy to get, but measuring their distance is much harder. Since the Universe is expanding, the photons from a far away galaxy are also expanded during their long journey. The expansion of photons is the redshift: well known spectral features are shifted to redder colors. According to Hubble's law, the distance is approximately proportional to the redshift. </p>\n\n<p> Since galaxies are very faint, it takes a lot of obesrving time to spread their light in spectrographs and get high resolution spectrum. So, we have spectroscopic redshift only for a limited set of them, for others, redshift may be estimated form broadband photometry, the brighness of galaxies took by few color filters. Estimating the redshift from this limited set is called photometric redshift estimation. </p>\n\n<h2>Acknowledgements</h2>\n<p>We thank Professor Istvan Csabai, Ph.D. for providing the description for the challenge.</p>",
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    {
      "name": "Evaluation",
      "content": "<p>The evaluation metric for this competition is  RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error). </p>\n\n<p><strong> You need to generate your solution in a kernel! </strong> We will review the code! See the example kernel about the linear regression baseline, to get started with kernels. </p>\n\n<p> <strong> Minimal requirement: submit a kernel, which surpasses the linear regression baseline, and which is your original work!  </strong> </p>\n\n<p> While the competition allows it, <strong> DO NOT form teams  </strong> ! <p> \n\n\n<h2>Submission Format</h2>\n\n<p><strong>For every galaxy in the dataset</strong>, submission files should contain two columns: id and redshift. </p>\n<p>The file should contain a header and have the following format:</p>\n\n<pre>id,redshift<br />0,1.1<br /><span style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em;\">1,0.23<br />2,0.65<br /></span><span style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em;\">3,3.49<br /></span><span style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.4em;\">etc.</span></pre>",
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