# Cover Type Prediction of Forests — Data

来源：https://www.kaggle.com/competitions/forest-prediction/data

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# Dataset Description

<p>Natural resource managers responsible for developing <br /> ecosystem management strategies require basic descriptive <br /> information including inventory data for forested lands to <br /> support their decision-making processes. However, managers <br /> generally do not have this type of data for inholdings or <br /> neighboring lands that are outside their immediate <br /> jurisdiction. One method of obtaining this information is <br /> through the use of predictive models. <br /><br /> The study area included four wilderness areas found in <br /> the Roosevelt National Forest of northern Colorado. A total <br /> of twelve cartographic measures were utilized as independent <br /> variables in the predictive models, while seven major forest <br /> cover types were used as dependent variables. Several subsets <br /> of these variables were examined to determine the best overall <br /> predictive model.</p>
<h2>File descriptions</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>train-data.csv</strong> - the training set</li>
<li><strong>test-data.csv</strong> - the test set</li>
<li><strong>sampleSubmission.csv</strong> - a sample submission file in the correct format</li>
</ul>
<h2>Data descriptions</h2>
<p>Predicting forest cover type from cartographic variables only<br /> (no remotely sensed data). The actual forest cover type for<br /> a given observation (30 x 30 meter cell) was determined from<br /> US Forest Service (USFS) Region 2 Resource Information System <br /> (RIS) data. Independent variables were derived from data<br /> originally obtained from US Geological Survey (USGS) and<br /> USFS data. Data is in raw form (not scaled) and contains<br /> binary (0 or 1) columns of data for qualitative independent<br /> variables (wilderness areas and soil types).</p>
<p>This study area includes four wilderness areas located in the<br /> Roosevelt National Forest of northern Colorado. These areas<br /> represent forests with minimal human-caused disturbances,<br /> so that existing forest cover types are more a result of <br /> ecological processes rather than forest management practices.</p>
<p>Some background information for these four wilderness areas: <br /> Neota (area 2) probably has the highest mean elevational value of <br /> the 4 wilderness areas. Rawah (area 1) and Comanche Peak (area 3) <br /> would have a lower mean elevational value, while Cache la Poudre <br /> (area 4) would have the lowest mean elevational value.</p>
<p>As for primary major tree species in these areas, Neota would have <br /> spruce/fir (type 1), while Rawah and Comanche Peak would probably<br /> have lodgepole pine (type 2) as their primary species, followed by <br /> spruce/fir and aspen (type 5). Cache la Poudre would tend to have <br /> Ponderosa pine (type 3), Douglas-fir (type 6), and <br /> cottonwood/willow (type 4).</p>
<p>The Rawah and Comanche Peak areas would tend to be more typical of <br /> the overall dataset than either the Neota or Cache la Poudre, due <br /> to their assortment of tree species and range of predictive <br /> variable values (elevation, etc.) Cache la Poudre would probably <br /> be more unique than the others, due to its relatively low <br /> elevation range and species composition.</p>
<p><br /><strong>Number of Attributes:</strong> 12 measures, but 54 columns of data<br /> (10 quantitative variables, 4 binary<br /> wilderness areas and 40 binary<br /> soil type variables)</p>
<p><br /><strong>Attribute information:</strong></p>
<p>Given is the attribute name, attribute type, the measurement unit and<br />a brief description. The forest cover type is the classification <br />problem. The order of this listing corresponds to the order of <br />numerals along the rows of the database.</p>
<p>Name Data Type Measurement Description</p>
<ul>
<li>Elevation quantitative meters Elevation in meters</li>
<li>Aspect quantitative azimuth Aspect in degrees azimuth</li>
<li>Slope quantitative degrees Slope in degrees</li>
<li>Horizontal_Distance_To_Hydrology quantitative meters Horz Dist to nearest surface water features</li>
<li>Vertical_Distance_To_Hydrology quantitative meters Vert Dist to nearest surface water features</li>
<li>Horizontal_Distance_To_Roadways quantitative meters Horz Dist to nearest roadway</li>
<li>Hillshade_9am quantitative 0 to 255 index Hillshade index at 9am, summer solstice</li>
<li>Hillshade_Noon quantitative 0 to 255 index Hillshade index at noon, summer soltice</li>
<li>Hillshade_3pm quantitative 0 to 255 index Hillshade index at 3pm, summer solstice</li>
<li>Horizontal_Distance_To_Fire_Points quantitative meters Horz Dist to nearest wildfire ignition points</li>
<li>Wilderness_Area (4 binary columns) qualitative 0 (absence) or 1 (presence) Wilderness area designation</li>
<li>Soil_Type (40 binary columns) qualitative 0 (absence) or 1 (presence) Soil Type designation</li>
<li>Cover_Type (7 types) integer 1 to 7 Forest Cover Type designation</li>
</ul>
<p><br />Code Designations:</p>
<p>Wilderness Areas:</p>
<p>1 -- Rawah Wilderness Area<br /> 2 -- Neota Wilderness Area<br /> 3 -- Comanche Peak Wilderness Area<br /> 4 -- Cache la Poudre Wilderness Area</p>
<p>Soil Types: 1 to 40 : based on the USFS Ecological<br /> Landtype Units (ELUs) for this study area:</p>
<p>Study Code USFS ELU Code Description<br /> 1 2702 Cathedral family - Rock outcrop complex, extremely stony.<br /> 2 2703 Vanet - Ratake families complex, very stony.<br /> 3 2704 Haploborolis - Rock outcrop complex, rubbly.<br /> 4 2705 Ratake family - Rock outcrop complex, rubbly.<br /> 5 2706 Vanet family - Rock outcrop complex complex, rubbly.<br /> 6 2717 Vanet - Wetmore families - Rock outcrop complex, stony.<br /> 7 3501 Gothic family.<br /> 8 3502 Supervisor - Limber families complex.<br /> 9 4201 Troutville family, very stony.<br /> 10 4703 Bullwark - Catamount families - Rock outcrop complex, rubbly.<br /> 11 4704 Bullwark - Catamount families - Rock land complex, rubbly.<br /> 12 4744 Legault family - Rock land complex, stony.<br /> 13 4758 Catamount family - Rock land - Bullwark family complex, rubbly.<br /> 14 5101 Pachic Argiborolis - Aquolis complex.<br /> 15 5151 unspecified in the USFS Soil and ELU Survey.<br /> 16 6101 Cryaquolis - Cryoborolis complex.<br /> 17 6102 Gateview family - Cryaquolis complex.<br /> 18 6731 Rogert family, very stony.<br /> 19 7101 Typic Cryaquolis - Borohemists complex.<br /> 20 7102 Typic Cryaquepts - Typic Cryaquolls complex.<br /> 21 7103 Typic Cryaquolls - Leighcan family, till substratum complex.<br /> 22 7201 Leighcan family, till substratum, extremely bouldery.<br /> 23 7202 Leighcan family, till substratum - Typic Cryaquolls complex.<br /> 24 7700 Leighcan family, extremely stony.<br /> 25 7701 Leighcan family, warm, extremely stony.<br /> 26 7702 Granile - Catamount families complex, very stony.<br /> 27 7709 Leighcan family, warm - Rock outcrop complex, extremely stony.<br /> 28 7710 Leighcan family - Rock outcrop complex, extremely stony.<br /> 29 7745 Como - Legault families complex, extremely stony.<br /> 30 7746 Como family - Rock land - Legault family complex, extremely stony.<br /> 31 7755 Leighcan - Catamount families complex, extremely stony.<br /> 32 7756 Catamount family - Rock outcrop - Leighcan family complex, extremely stony.<br /> 33 7757 Leighcan - Catamount families - Rock outcrop complex, extremely stony.<br /> 34 7790 Cryorthents - Rock land complex, extremely stony.<br /> 35 8703 Cryumbrepts - Rock outcrop - Cryaquepts complex.<br /> 36 8707 Bross family - Rock land - Cryumbrepts complex, extremely stony.<br /> 37 8708 Rock outcrop - Cryumbrepts - Cryorthents complex, extremely stony.<br /> 38 8771 Leighcan - Moran families - Cryaquolls complex, extremely stony.<br /> 39 8772 Moran family - Cryorthents - Leighcan family complex, extremely stony.<br /> 40 8776 Moran family - Cryorthents - Rock land complex, extremely stony.</p>
<p>Note: First digit: climatic zone Second digit: geologic zones<br /> 1. lower montane dry 1. alluvium<br /> 2. lower montane 2. glacial<br /> 3. montane dry 3. shale<br /> 4. montane 4. sandstone<br /> 5. montane dry and montane 5. mixed sedimentary<br /> 6. montane and subalpine 6. unspecified in the USFS ELU Survey<br /> 7. subalpine 7. igneous and metamorphic<br /> 8. alpine 8. volcanic</p>
<p>The third and fourth ELU digits are unique to the mapping unit <br /> and have no special meaning to the climatic or geologic zones.</p>
<p>Forest Cover Type Classes: 1 -- Spruce/Fir<br /> 2 -- Lodgepole Pine<br /> 3 -- Ponderosa Pine<br /> 4 -- Cottonwood/Willow<br /> 5 -- Aspen<br /> 6 -- Douglas-fir<br /> 7 -- Krummholz</p>